Bull World Health Organ. 2008 Jun;86(6):429-434.
Minh Van Hoang, et al

Objective: To estimate and analyse the costs for providing the expanded programme on immunization (EPI) in a rural community in the north of Viet Nam in 2005.
Methods: An ingredient approach was used to collect cost data from the perspective of the service providers.
Findings: The total annual cost of EPI in Bavi district was US$ 58 460 [purchasing power parity (PPP) 282 076]. Vaccines and supplies were the largest cost category (33%), followed by personnel costs (30.2%). The largest share of the total cost was due to activities at commune level (38%). The average cost per fully vaccinated child (FVC) was US$ 4.81 (PPP 23.21), much lower than the figure of US$ 15 that is generally accepted as the cost-effective threshold for EPI in developing countries.
Conclusion: This empirical study indicates that EPI has been implemented efficiently in rural Viet Nam, but that opportunities exist to make it even more efficient.